The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar

In English grammar and morphology, a prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning, including examples such as anti- to mean against, co- to mean with, mis- to mean wrong or bad, and trans- to mean across. The most common prefixes in English are those that express negation,  like a- in the word asexual, in- in the word incapable, and un- in the word unhappy —these negations immediately alter the meaning of the words the are added to, but some prefixes merely change the form. Interestingly enough, the word prefix itself contains the prefix pre-, which means before, and the  root word  fix, which means to fasten or place; thus the word itself means to place before. Letter groups attached to the ends of words, conversely, are called suffixes, while both belong to the larger group of morphemes known as affixes.   Prefixes are  bound  morphemes, which means they cant stand alone. Generally, if a group of letters is a prefix, it cant also be a word. However, prefixation, or the process of adding a prefix to a word, is a common way of forming new words in English. General Rules and Exceptions Although there are several  common  prefixes in English, not all usage rules apply universally, at least in terms of definition. For instance, the prefix sub- can either mean something below the root word or that the root word is below something. James J. Hurford argues in Grammer: A Students Guide that there are many words in English which look as if they begin with a familiar prefix, but in which it is not clear what meaning to attach either to the prefix or to the remainder of the word, in order to arrive at the meaning of the whole word. Essentially, this means that sweeping rules about prefixes like ex- in exercise and excommunicate cannot be applied. However, there are still some general rules that do apply to all prefixes, namely that they are typically set as part of the new word, with hyphens only appearing in the case of the base word starting with a capital letter or the same vowel that the prefix ends with. In The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters, though, the author does posit that in well-established cases of this type, the hyphen becomes optional, as with cooperate. Nano-, Dis-, Mis- and Other Oddities Technology especially utilizes prefixes as our technological and computer worlds get smaller and smaller. Alex Boese notes in the 2008 Smithsonian article Electrocybertronics, that lately the prefix trend has been shrinking; during the 1980s, mini- gave way to micro-, which yielded to nano and that these units of measurement have since transcended their original meaning. In a similar way, the prefixes dis- and mis- have come to slightly transcend their original intent. Still, James Kilpatrick claims in his 2007 article To dis, or Not to dis, that there are 152 dis- words and 161 mis- words in contemporary lexicography. However, many of these are never spoken like the word misact, which starts the mis- list, as he calls it. The prefix pre- also has a bit of confusion in modern vernacular. George Carlin famously jokes about the everyday occurrence at the airport called pre-boarding. According to the standard definition of the prefix, preboarding should mean  before boarding, but as Carlin puts it What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on [a plane] before you get on?

Attitude Towards War in The Soldier and Anthem for Doomed...

Attitude Towards War in The Soldier and Anthem for Doomed Youth The two poems that I will be comparing in this essay are: â€Å"The Soldier† By Rupert Brooke, and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† By Wilfred Owen. Both of these poems are sonnets and both are written during The First World War. Although both sonnets are set during the same time period and are about the same war, the poets have very contradicting views; these views are expressed in their work. The first poem; â€Å"The Soldier† is focused on the different meanings and aspects of dying for your country in a foreign land, or behind-enemy-lines. In a war as brutal and tragic as the Second World War, the death of a mere soldier is often neglected and cast aside. Therefore, the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;† The poet’s use of the word â€Å"richer† makes the â€Å"dust† seem superior. This further emphasizes the poet’s patriotic nature. In the second stanza the poet focuses more on the mental and some what spiritual aspects of his death. The poet believes that if he dies in a foreign country and converts the ground to a tiny portion of England he will be paying back all of the things that he owes his country. â€Å"Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given ; Her sights and sounds ; dreams happy as her day ; † This shows the poet’s appreciation for things that England has given him. â€Å"Sights† could refer to things such as nature and things such as Stone Henge. â€Å"Sounds† could refer to animal calls. The poet may have brought up the thought of â€Å"sights† and â€Å"sounds† because it evokes imagery. Also the poet may be distraught with the sights and sounds he has heard and witnessed in war and maybe longing for more calming sights and sounds such as nature. Again this extract shows some of the poet’s patriotic nature. The poet does not comment on the nature of any other country and focuses only on the nature of his own country. This could be because he has never seen the beauty of another country’s nature, or because he has no respect for it. â€Å"dreams happy as her day ; â€Å" The poet uses a metaphor in this line. The metaphor is not very effectiveShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owen1266 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Wilfred Owen’s attitude towards WW1 and how is this shown through his poetry? Wilfred Owen was a soldier during world war one. Many of his poems were published posthumously, and now well renowned. His poems were also heavily influenced by his good friend and fellow soldier Siegfried Sassoon. Wilfred Owen was tragically killed one week before the end of the war. During the war Wilfred Owen had strong feelings towards the use of propaganda and war in general, this was due to the horrors heRead MoreAnthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est By Wilfred Owen1378 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognised as the greatest poet of the first World War, his poetry at the time was considered to be controversial as it revealed the truths behind trench warfare and contradicted popular attitudes at the time. The works of Wilfred Owen, and specifically, the poems of ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ are both successful in powerfully giving a voice to the soldiers of war and conveying the dark and inextricable truth behind war provoki ng the reader to consider ideas about how thisRead More Compare and contrast the poems Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred1648 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast the poems Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen and The Soldier by Rupert Brooke. What are the poets attitudes towards war and how do they convey these attitudes? Wilfred Owens Anthem for Doomed Youth and Rupert Brookes The Soldier express opposing views towards war and matters related to it. Owen condemns war as the cause of immense and painful loss of youths, killed like animals. He also attacks the church, generally held to preserve human life and dignityRead MoreComparing An Irish Airman Foresees His Death by WB Yeats and Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen1275 Words   |  6 PagesComparing An Irish Airman Foresees His Death by WB Yeats and Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen WB Yeats was an extremely successful Irish poet who was extraordinarily patriotic and proud to be Irish. He played his part in the Irish Renaissance at the beginning of the 1900s. Although he was a proud Irishman he chose to show his patriotism through his poetry instead of political or military action. Through his poems he spoke of national heroes’ bravery and well doingsRead MorePoetry and War1681 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Written by: vdg How does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Answer Q Owen expresses the themes of war through the unique power of poetry. Both the mental and physical brutality of war is emphasised in the poems, â€Å"The Send off,† â€Å"Anthem for doomed youth† and â€Å"Spring Offensive,† furthering the responder’s understanding of a soldier’s life on the western front. Owen employs various poetic devicesRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1593 Words   |  7 PagesOwen, the famous war poet, lived under many titles: he was a son, a brother, a student, a teacher, a fighter, an inpatient, a war poet and most importantly, an advocate. This essay addresses his most eminent poems, contrasting the ways in which war was promoted versus the true reality of war, as well as the ways in which Owen gave a voice to the men dying in futile war. Volunteer recruitment and conscription for World War 1 began in 1914 and continued until 1918, when World War 1 came to an endRead MoreA Comparison Between Wilfred Owen’s ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ and Siegfried Sassoon’s ‘Does It Matter?’ and ‘Suicide in the Trenches’1991 Words   |  8 Pages‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ are both poems that protest against and depict the subject of war. They both follow Wilfred Owen’s angst against those who encourage war and the savagery of warfare that he experienced himself. His poetry was devised to strike at the conscience of England during the World War. Owen’s mother had encouraged him to write poetry from an early age and when he was old enough he travelled to France to teach English when the war broke out. He then wentRead MoreSimilarities Between Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, And Wilfred Owen1531 Words   |  7 PagesSenior High School World War I Poetry How it changed during the war Abby Schaubroeck Honors World Cultures Period 3 Ms. Beck 19 May 2017 Over the course of the war the perspective of literature, in specifically poetry, changed. Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen all share one common bond: these men were war poets. According to the Oxford Dictionary, the term â€Å"war poet† means â€Å"a poet writing at the time of and on the subject of war, especially one on military serviceRead MoreEssay on Wilfred Owen3883 Words   |  16 Pages Wilfred Owen Read and Compare and Contrast the Following Poems by Wilfred Owen: [It Was a Navy Boy], Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est. Wilfred Owen was a poet who was widely regarded as one of the best poets of the World War one period. Wilfred Owen was born on the 18th of March 1893, at Plas Wilmot, Oswestry, on the English Welsh border; he was the son of Tom and Susan Owen. During the winter of 1897-8 Tom Owen, Wilfred’s father was reappointed to Birkenhead, and withRead MoreWilfred Owen - Comparing Poetry4003 Words   |  17 PagesRead and Compare and Contrast the Following Poems by Wilfred Owen: [It Was a Navy Boy], Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Est. br brWilfred Owen was a poet who was widely regarded as one of the best poets of the World War one period. br brWilfred Owen was born on the 18th of March 1893, at Plas Wilmot, Oswestry, on the English Welsh border; he was the son of Tom and Susan Owen. During the winter of 1897-8 Tom Owen, Wilfreds father was reappointed to Birkenhead, and with that

Social Media in Disaster Risk Reduction †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Social Media in Disaster Risk Reduction. Answer: Introduction Issue can arrive at any point of time which can lead to crisis if not managed properly. The process used for identifying and solving the issues is known as issue management. Issues can be categorized as problems in the organization with the staff or suppliers, any kind of technical failure or material shortage or unavailability of resources. All these issues will have a negative impact on the organization so they need to be mitigated soon for better organizational performance. In the same way, crisis is also a threat to the organization which needs to be resolved by crisis management plan(Alexander 2014). Thus, a total corporate response can be built up with the identification of the crisis. A crisis not only damages the organization but also its stakeholders and general public. Crisis management became popular in the 1980s when industries and environment had to come across ample amount of disasters. Crisis in an organization can question the public safety, lead to economic loss and also hamper reputation. For managing crisis it is important to identify the issue at first which will help in the smooth management of the situation. For this particular assignment, the issue of cyber attack on the Cadbury Company of Australia will be taken into consideration. The details of the crisis will be elaborate along with the steps taken to reduce the crisis. To resolve the crisis the project manager prepares a crisis management plan from bringing visibility to the issue and accountability as to how it can be resolved (Argenti 2015). A crisis management plan is composed of various steps which need to be followed accordingly. In the case of Cadbury Company the issue identified was the ransomeware attack. WannaCryransomeware attack that had spread across the world in May 2017 was targeted towards the computers which ran under Microsoft Windows Operating System. It had affected the online service by encrypting data and demanding ransom payments. It was reported to affect more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries in a single day(Black 2013). The Cadbury factory in Australia was also targeted by the ransomeware attack which had affected the IT system of the company. The production of the company came to a halt when the computer system started de- functioning. Experts had described it as cyber attack. Actually it was a worldwide malware attack which took a toll on the biggest oil companies, banks and shutting down the computer operations at the multinational companies, shipping and advertising agencies. The company chosen for this assignment was ordered to pay the ransom in Bitcoin currency. The message on the computer screen showed that the files on the computer are not accessible as they were encrypted. It was clearly stated that Cadbury should not waste time by trying to recover the files. Instead the company should send $300 in the value of Bitcoin to the mentioned address. This was a terrible threat to the companys reputation and they have not given a thought to the security and safety of their computers until that da y. The online system of the Cadbury was regarded as the most advanced and highly automated as most of their services were carried out through the computer operations. They also had the most updated virus protection security. Even with the most advanced and upgraded computer system, the company had to face such a disaster. They were among those companies who took the online activities seriously(Booth 2015). This is because they believed that with lack of attention in the performance of computer system the workers get affected the most. But the crisis of ransomeware had left them in trouble as to when will the problem be resolved. The solution of the problem is not yet decided, as it was reported by the company. They were working with their utmost effort offline to address the global concern. With the resolution of this crisis the Cadbury Company will be able to continue their business in the previous way to meet up to the expectations of the customers and consumes all over the world. The issue was identified when the operation came to a halt all of a sudden and the company had no idea about the cause. They were also ready to share their recent updates about the solution with the suppliers and other available stakeholders.But they cannot assure when the online systems will be ready for operating and therefore they expect everyones patience, cooperation and understanding. The severity of the attack began with a tiny code in the Word and PDF document and resulted in the shutdown of the global online system. So it was not easy to find an immediate solution to such a huge problem. The hacking tool used in WannaCryransomeware was similar to the Petyaransomeware which was resolved by a British researcher by a kill- switch and that included a code, eternal blue. The injuries done by the ransomeware attack takes time to completely heal (Coombs 2014). It is said that every company is attacked by ransomware each 40 seconds. WannaCry was regarded as the biggest cyber attack in the history of internet ever. It is not an easy task to find instant solution to these cyber attacks but as a cyber security lecturer mentioned that there are businesses which are able to protect themselves from cyber attacks. It is not impossible to bring down the risk to zero level. The probable solution for these kinds of attacks was to make sure that the IT systems were properly patched. This is because it was observed after the attack that there are many companies with similar systems but only with the older unpatched IT systems was targeted (Coombs et al. 2016). Strength- The strong network of an expert team and early identification Weakness- Hamper in the production of the company with loss in sales Opportunities- Ready solution saved the company from major loss and effective media plan helped in better communication Threat- Other companies gained profit due to the attack on Cadbury company Mendelows matrix High interest The employees and suppliers were not allowed to suffer due to this crisis. Mainstream media was immediately informed Executive, software developers carried out their duty accordingly. The public demands were met along with abidance b the government norms Low interest People were not faced with a direct impact as the attack was mainly on the industry The main professional and the online industry bloggers were given relevant information Low influence High influence Strategy Decision The strategic response involved the immediate dissemination of information to the public through various channels of media. The spokesperson of the company reached out to the target group by using broadcasting, print and online media. The strategies were implemented appropriately to make sure that the company reputation is not hampered in any way and their future sales are not to be affected. The issue was evaluated to find out that it had affected a lot of companies and a little bit of precaution could have saved Cadbury from getting affected (Smith 2013). The Cadbury Company was particular in this aspect of acknowledging the issue that they had to face due to an unexpected attack. They did not hide the fact that their unpatched IT systems were responsible that they could not prevent this accident. Categorization of crisis Although the attack of ransomware is few months old but its effects are still not negligible. A kill switch that was invented for this cyber attack made it possible to prevent further spread of the threat. Experts on computers and other security all over the globe have tried to find out the factors responsible for this disastrous crisis. It was earlier suspected that North Korea was behind this attack but nothing could be assured. The encrypted code of WannaCry was found similar to another hacking group known as Lazarus. It was a matter of worry that whether the motive behind this attack was only financial gain or something more destructive as only a small sum was demanded (Dozier, Grunig and Grunig 2013). The board of members, employees, customers, other upcoming and potential customers, government authorities and media are the main stakeholders of the company. The Cadbury Company became the first among other Australian businesses to get affected by the cyber attack. The reason behind this can be an old unpatched IT system of their operational activities. The factors that added to the intensity of the attack included the maximum amount of work that is done in the company with the help of internet. Their complete dependence on the computer and internet made them suffer a lot as a result of this damage. The company which produces around 50000 tons of chocolates every year had to face a major loss in sales because of this sudden attack (Drennan, McConnell and Stark 2014). Crisis communication The crisis of the company as a result of the cyber attack was informed to the internal and external publics attached to the company. Even the interviews by the spokesperson of the let the world know about the crisis that they were facing. It was also mentioned that the problem has been looked after and it will be resolved soon. Press releases were sent to the media and also on the company websites and social media pages. It is not enough to communicate the crisis but people would like to see the actions that are being taken in order to compensate the crisis(Genserik and Thierry 2016). But the company which is selected in this scenario did not follow any unethical means to manage their crisis. They had simply accepted the crisis that had occurred due to the ransomware attack(Jin, Liu and Austin 2014). The company had tried to manage the crisis in the early stage so that the internal and external publics are not offended. They made accurate fact checking so that their message is clear and not misinterpreted. The company had chosen the spokesperson to be their CEO who will be accepted by the stakeholders and other people. The publics were also informed that their life will not be affected anyhow by this sudden attack and their services will not be affected in any way(Williams et al. 2017). The success laid on the selection of their communication tools because they had used all the channels to reach out to the public. The CEO had clearly stated the amount of effect that has been imposed on the company and the steps that they have undertaken to come out from the threat . He appreciated the effort of the stakeholders who were working to manage the crisis situation. This statement was gladly accepted by the people and kept them pacified in such a heated situation. The people were provided with clear data and calculation about the clear strategies that were being implemented by them (Ulmer, Sellnow and Seeger 2013). Conclusion With effective crisis management by the company, they were able to regain their position in the market. Unlike many other companies, they have accepted their crisis that evolved due to ransomware attack and stopped the production of the company. This has resulted in a complete evaluation and scrutiny of the company. Computer experts were called who had put their utmost effort to manage the crisis. Although the production was hampered temporarily but gradually they have recovered. The crisis had dropped the retailer stocking and also de- motivated the employees. The morale of the employees got low which affected the reputation of the company. It became a challenge for the company to bring back the lost confidence of its stakeholders. A strong and focused communication program by the company had been successful in gaining the credibility and reliability. The sales volume had increased ultimately and came closer to the pre- crisis levels. It not only helped in regaining the morale of th e stakeholders but also attained customer satisfaction. This striking example of the company sets a recognition in the field of crisis management. Reference Alexander, D.E., 2014. Social media in disaster risk reduction and crisis management.Science and Engineering Ethics,20(3), pp.717-733. Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Black, S., 2013.Practice of public relations. Routledge. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Coombs, W.T., 2014.Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Coombs, W.T., Coombs, W.T., Holladay, S.J., Holladay, S.J., Claeys, A.S. and Claeys, A.S., 2016. Debunking the myth of denials effectiveness in crisis communication: context matters.Journal of Communication Management,20(4), pp.381-395. Dozier, D.M., Grunig, L.A. and Grunig, J.E., 2013.Manager's guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Drennan, L.T., McConnell, A. and Stark, A., 2014.Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Routledge. Drennan, L.T., McConnell, A. and Stark, A., 2014.Risk and crisis management in the public sector. Routledge. Genserik, R. and Thierry, M., 2016. 8 Crisis management. Jin, Y., Liu, B.F. and Austin, L.L., 2014. Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, information form, and source on publics crisis responses.Communication research,41(1), pp.74-94. Smith, R.D., 2013.Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Timothy Coombs, W. and Jean Holladay, S., 2014. How publics react to crisis communication efforts: Comparing crisis response reactions across sub-arenas.Journal of Communication Management,18(1), pp.40-57. Ulmer, R.R., Sellnow, T.L. and Seeger, M.W., 2013.Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Williams, T.A., Gruber, D.A., Sutcliffe, K.M., Shepherd, D.A. and Zhao, E.Y., 2017. Organizational Response to Adversity: Fusing Crisis Management and Resilience Research Streams.Academy of Management Annals,11(2), pp.733-769.